PARIS, France
Reporters Without Borders
published on Monday an investigation into the colossal dangers journalists face
while working in the Sahel, the vast, semi-arid region beset by jihadism, armed
groups and instability. The NGO fears this part of West Africa is becoming a
no-go area for journalists.FILE: ORTM journalist Yahia Tandina (L) talks with his technician during a radio broadcast at the Timbuktu office in Mali on December 7, 2021.
In its report, Reporters Without Borders (Reporters Sans
Frontières or RSF) warned it is increasingly difficult for journalists to
do their work freely in the Sahel. Despite
the release in March of Olivier Dubois, a French journalist
who worked for several news outlets, “no fewer than five journalists have been
murdered and six others have gone missing” in the Sahel from 2013-2023,
underlined Sadibou Marong, director of RSF’s office for sub-Saharan Africa.
Titled “What it’s like to be a journalist in the Sahel”, RSF’s
report notes that the increasing frequency of terrorist attacks in the region
is a crucial factor making the practice of journalism difficult there. More
than 1,000 terrorist attacks took place in Mali, Niger and Burkina Faso between
2017 and 2022, according to local security watchdog Sécurité Liptako-Gourma.
Indeed, the report says
swathes of Malian territory have become a no-man’s land for
journalists, listing various acts of violence against journalists there
over the past decade: the murder of Ghislaine Dupont and Claude Verlon from
FRANCE 24’s sister service Radio France Internationale (RFI) in 2013; the
kidnapping of Malian journalist Hamadoun Niabouly, who worked for radio station
Dande Douentza, in 2020; the abduction of Olivier Dubois in 2021; and
the abduction 10 days later of Malian journalist Moussa M’Bana Dicko, who
worked for Malian radio station Dande Haire.
“Threats, the risk of
kidnapping, even assassination, have become part of the daily life of
journalists in the region,” the report says.
“We didn’t imagine at the time
that the [murders of Dupont and Verlon] would have such an impact not only for
RFI but also for the entire Malian and international press,” said Christophe
Boisbouvier, RFI’s deputy director for Africa. Boisbouvier pointed out that
since then there has been “virtually no on-the-ground reporting” in northern
Mali where the pair were abducted and killed.
As well as Mali, other Sahel
countries are also risky areas for journalists to report. In neighbouring
Burkina Faso, the deteriorating security situation now forces journalists to
“assess the risks before going somewhere” to report, explained Atiana Serge
Oulon, publication director for local newspaper L’Événement. In Niger,
meanwhile, “no journalist dares to go out into the field except for just a few
rare missions, such as visits by heads of state or ministers responsible for
security issues”, said a journalist speaking on condition of anonymity. To a
significant extent, it is a similar situation in Chad.
The report identifies two
armed groups as responsible for the long wave of attacks that have made
journalism so hard to practice in the Sahel: Wilayat al-Sahel (formerly known
as Islamic State in the Greater Sahara) and the Support Group for Islam and
Muslims (GSIM). The latter group – which since 2017 has brought together
various jihadist groups including Ansar Dine and al Qaeda in the Islamic
Maghreb (AQIM) – was behind the kidnapping of Dubois.
The groups are “present mainly
in Mali, but also in Burkina Faso, Niger as well as being active in the border
areas of northern Benin, Togo and Ivory Coast – and they have been waging war
relentlessly since the turn of 2019 to 2020”, said FRANCE 24’s expert on
jihadist movements Wassim Nasr.
As well as this security
threat, “after taking power, the military juntas have not hesitated to
reshape the media landscape in order to better serve their interests”, the RSF
report said. “This was the case in Mali and Burkina Faso, where several French
media outlets have been suspended.
“The state-owned media are
particularly vulnerable when coups are being carried out because the military
try to seize control of the national TV and radio stations in order to announce
their takeover,” the report stated. “In Mali and Burkina Faso, the coup
plotters controlled who was going in and out of the headquarters of the
national TV channels – ORTM and RTB – and forced journalists to read their
communiqués on the air. Some journalists were even attacked”.
The report cited the example
of the Collective for the Defence of the Military, a group of soldiers seen as
close to the Malian junta, accusing FRANCE
24 and RFI journalists in January 2022 of being part of a “disinformation
campaign”.
Mali’s junta ordered the suspension of FRANCE 24 and RFI in
March. Responding to the junta’s order, France Médias Monde, the
state-owned holding company which runs the TV and radio networks, said
it “deplored” the decision and “strongly protested against
the unfounded accusations that seriously undermine the professionalism of its
broadcasters”.
RFI, meanwhile, was suspended in Burkina Faso last December. The country’s
ruling junta accused RFI of having relayed “misleading
information” suggesting its leader, Captain Ibrahim Traore, had said there
had been an attempted coup against him.
RFI's management said in
a statement that it “deeply deplores this decision
and protests against the totally unfounded accusations calling into question
the professionalism of its stations.”
FRANCE 24 was then informed on
March 27, via a press release from the Burkina Faso government, of the indefinite
suspension of the broadcasting of its programmes in the country. The
government accused FRANCE 24 of broadcasting an “interview with the head
of al Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM)”. However, FRANCE 24’s
management pointed out that “the channel has never invited him to
speak directly on its programmes, and has simply reported his words in the form
of a column, ensuring the necessary distance and context” – adding that it
is “outraged by the defamatory comments made by the Burkina Faso
government” and that “this is an attempt to discredit a channel whose
independence and ethics are not in question”.
“Burkinabé authorities should
lift their France 24 broadcast ban and end further attempts to silence critical
media,” said Mausi Segun, Africa director of Human Rights
Watch. “The grave security situation in Burkina Faso should not be used as a
pretext to curb the fundamental rights of the Burkinabé people to seek and
access information through independent media outlets.”
The RSF report also found that
the presence of the Russian mercenary Wagner Group in the Sahel sows fear among
the region’s reporters – saying that every journalist it contacted for the
report said that across Mali, but especially in the north and centre, nobody in
the media dares to talk about Wagner for fear of reprisals. One journalist
added that since FRANCE 24 and RFI were suspended, the national media avoids
the words “Russian mercenaries” and “Wagner”.
All this means that
journalists working in the Sahel find it very difficult to collect and verify
information. Several countries in the region have also adopted laws making it
difficult for the media to report, RSF added.
So there is a real danger that
the Sahel is “deprived of independent journalists and reliable information
while self-censorship becomes the norm”, Marong warned.
“The report is appealing to
the region’s governments,” he concluded. “They need to wake up, so that the 110
million people living in the Sahel are not deprived of their basic right to be
informed.”
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