NAIROBI, Kenya
Countries in the Eastern
African are leading other sub-Saharan states in corruption that has grossly
affected governance and foreign investments.
Transparency International’s
2022 Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) puts Somalia on top of the table of the
most corrupt countries in Sub-Saharan Africa followed by South Sudan and
Burundi.
Out of 100 marks, Somalia
scores 12 percent, South Sudan, 13, and Burundi, 17, in a region where the
average score is 32. Forty-four out of 49 countries assessed scored less than
50 percent.
The TI report says widespread
corruption has eroded democracy, security, and development in Sub-Saharan Africa,
especially during the Covid-19 pandemic when oversight of government operations
was difficult.
In Somalia, the report says
the country wracked by violence and instability for over three decades has
practically no means available to arrest runaway corruption.
President Hassan Sheikh
Mohamud’s dissolution of two key anti-corruption bodies— the Judicial Service
Commission and the Anti-Corruption Commission— via decree is seen as a major
setback in the fight against the vice.
South Sudan, another country
in the region that continues to suffer insecurity, is second with the report stating
that corruption exacerbated economic problems and the humanitarian situation,
with half of the 12 million population facing acute food insecurity.
“A recent report revealed that money meant for food, fuel, and medicine was allegedly stolen in a massive fraud scheme through a network of corrupt politicians, some of them with ties to the president's family,” the report says.
In the Democratic Republic of
the Congo (DRC)—a member of the EAC— the perpetual unstable political situation
has embedded corruption in many institutions. DRC scored 20 percent in the CPI.
The activities of illegal
armed groups, including mineral and wildlife trafficking, pose a risk to human
security and facilitate plunder of resources.
Armed groups destabilise both
their countries and the region, as exemplified by the March 23 Movement, and
the so-called Islamic State, which has formed links with Mozambique Al-Shabab
militia.
On the other hand, three
countries in the region have improved their CPI scores. These are Ethiopia
(38), Tanzania (38), and Kenya (32).
Kenya, for instance, has seen
a slight improvement from 30 points in 2021 and is ranked position 123 out of
the 180 countries and territories assessed.
In Kenya, the 2022 election
highlighted the urgent need for public scrutiny of political financing, which
is a major source of corruption where politicians look for money through hook
and crook to bribe voters.
The overall picture in
Sub-Saharan Africa is that conflicts and security challenges have further
weakened institutions and undermined states’ capacity to respond to corruption
decisively.
Independent checks on power
and oversight institution are under siege, with opposition figures or activists
pointing out cases of corruption having been intimidated or arrested under the guise
of anti-corruption crackdowns.
Such cases demonstrate the
enormous risks that anti-corruption activists and whistleblowers take when they
speak up against corruption in many countries across the region.
Overall, TI found,
whistleblower protection legislation is weak throughout the region, with many
countries, like Kenya, not having a standalone law on whistleblower protection.
In countries that do have such laws or policies, such as Nigeria, these have
loopholes or implementation is seriously lacking.
Capital flights from
Sub-Saharan Africa, which are proceeds of corruption, are estimated to be in
tens of billions of dollars each year.
However, Seychelles, Botswana,
and Cape Verde continue to lead as shining examples of the least corrupt
counties in Sub-Saharan Africa.
Seychelles leads with a 70
percent CPI score out of 100, followed by Botswana and Cape Verde, both at 60
percent. The three are the top scorers.
Seychelles took a step forward
by amending its Anti-Corruption Act in 2019, but its Public Officers’ Ethics
Commission does not have investigative powers, yet the country continues to
lead as the least corrupt country.
The report says that Botswana
continues to be one of the top performers in the region due to a robust
democratic system in which the legislative and policy frameworks have
continuously been improved.
“The strengthening of opposition
parties has allowed anti-corruption measures to be implemented, most notably
the 2016 Whistleblowers Act followed by the 2019 Declaration of Assets and
Liabilities Act,” the report says.
On the other hand, Cape
Verde’s public sector reforms have ensured the country remains a top regional
scorer. The country has implemented several measures to increase transparency
in government and business transactions, in line with its Open Government
Partnership commitments.
Other significant improvers—
together with Ethiopia, Tanzania, and Kenya— include Angola; Ivory Coast; and
Senegal. Angola with a 33 percent score has shown significant improvement over
the past years, gaining 14 points on the CPI since 2018.
The report attributed it to
President João Lourenço’s ongoing commitment to root out systemic corruption,
including through enactment of stronger laws.
The public prosecutor recently
requested for Interpol to issue an arrest warrant against Isabel dos Santos,
daughter of the former president, and the Supreme Court ordered her assets
seized.
However, the report observes,
there continues to be a concern that corruption investigations are politically
motivated, and that the governing party might be targeting the opposition.
On the converse, several
countries have significantly declined in the CPI rankings over the last years –
like Lesotho, which has fallen from 49 to 37 points since 2014.
This can be explained by
executive interference in independent institutions, as demonstrated by the
stand-off orchestrated between the police and military.
While there has been a
positive step towards the separation of institutions in the establishment of
the National Reforms Authority, its effects are yet to be felt.
Equatorial Guinea—being among
the bottom scorers together with Somalia, South Sudan, and Burundi—continues to
suffer from relentless exploitation at the hands of its ruling family.
This is because the country’s
political, economic, and legal systems have all been controlled by President
Teodoro Obiang Nguema, his relatives, and his cronies for close to four
decades.
In January 2023, one of the
president’s sons was arrested for alleged corruption for presumably selling a
plane belonging to the country’s national airline.
Mali’s 28 CPI score has
declined seven points from its peak of 35 in 2015. While corruption is not
necessarily an active driver of the conflict, divisions at the heart of the
violence have been reinforced over years of mismanagement and indifference to
the plight of certain groups in Malian society. The grievances that terrorist
groups have proved adept at exploiting stem largely from corruption.
The report says that South
Africa— one of the continent’s economic giant— remains a country to watch.
While Pretoria’s 43 CPI score is above the regional average of 32, public
sector corruption is a serious problem. Most recently, this has been
underscored by a series of corruption scandals involving former and incumbent
presidents.
In June 2022, a judicial
commission led by Chief Justice Raymond Zondo delivered the final findings of a
three-year inquiry into deep-rooted corruption in South Africa.
The report implicated the
country’s former President Jacob Zuma, but also found fault with the way his
successor Cyril Ramaphosa handled allegations of misconduct.
President Ramaphosa is
currently dealing with his own corruption scandal, known as Farmgate. He is
accused of covering up a 2020 theft in which between $500,000 and millions were
stolen from his farm, allegedly to avoid scrutiny over the large sums of cash.
The president, who won the
election on an anti-corruption platform in 2018, has denied any wrongdoing.
Despite initial indications that he might resign, Ramaphosa dodged the
impeachment vote in the parliament and was even re-elected as the African
National Congress party leader in December 2022.
In Sub-Saharan Africa, high
incidences of corruption are also linked with political instability and
widespread insecurity. According to the Institute for Economics and Peace’s
Global Peace Index 2022, the Central African Republic (24), the Democratic
Republic of the Congo (20), Somalia (12), South Sudan (13) and Sudan (22) are
five of the 10 least peaceful countries globally.
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