Martin Luther King, Jr., (January 15, 1929-April 4, 1968) was born Michael Luther King, Jr., but later had his name changed to Martin.
His grandfather began the
family’s long tenure as pastors of the Ebenezer Baptist Church in Atlanta,
serving from 1914 to 1931; his father has served from then until the present,
and from 1960 until his death Martin Luther acted as co-pastor.
He attended segregated public
schools in Georgia - USA, graduating from high school at the age of fifteen; he
received the B. A. degree in 1948 from Morehouse College, a distinguished Negro
institution of Atlanta from which both his father and grandfather had
graduated.
After three years of
theological study at Crozer Theological Seminary in Pennsylvania where he was
elected president of a predominantly white senior class, he was awarded the
B.D. in 1951.
With a fellowship won at
Crozer, he enrolled in graduate studies at Boston University, completing his
residence for the doctorate in 1953 and receiving the degree in 1955.
In Boston he met and married
Coretta Scott, a young woman of uncommon intellectual and artistic attainments.
Two sons and two daughters were born into the family.
In 1954, Martin Luther King
became pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church in Montgomery, Alabama.
Always a strong worker for
civil rights for members of his race, King was, by this time, a member of the
executive committee of the National Association for the Advancement of Coloured
People, the leading organization of its kind in the nation.
He was ready, then, early in
December, 1955, to accept the leadership of the first great Negro nonviolent
demonstration of contemporary times in the United States, the bus boycott
described by Gunnar Jahn in his presentation speech in honor of the laureate.
The boycott lasted 382 days.
On December 21, 1956, after the Supreme Court of the United States had declared
unconstitutional the laws requiring segregation on buses, Negroes and whites
rode the buses as equals.
During these days of boycott,
King was arrested, his home was bombed, he was subjected to personal abuse, but
at the same time he emerged as a Negro leader of the first rank.
In 1957 he was elected
president of the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, an organization
formed to provide new leadership for the now burgeoning civil rights movement.
The ideals for this
organization he took from Christianity; its operational techniques from Gandhi.
In the eleven-year period
between 1957 and 1968, King traveled over six million miles and spoke over
twenty-five hundred times, appearing wherever there was injustice, protest, and
action; and meanwhile he wrote five books as well as numerous articles.
In these years, he led a
massive protest in Birmingham, Alabama, that caught the attention of the entire
world, providing what he called a coalition of conscience and inspiring his
“Letter from a Birmingham Jail”, a manifesto of the Negro revolution; he
planned the drives in Alabama for the registration of Negroes as voters; he
directed the peaceful march on Washington, D.C., of 250,000 people to whom he
delivered his address, “l Have a Dream”, he conferred with President John F.
Kennedy and campaigned for President Lyndon B. Johnson.
He was arrested upwards of
twenty times and assaulted at least four times; he was awarded five honorary
degrees; was named Man of the Year by Time magazine in 1963;
and became not only the symbolic leader of American blacks but also a world
figure.
At the age of thirty-five,
Martin Luther King, Jr., was the youngest man to have received the Nobel Peace
Prize. When notified of his selection, he announced that he would turn over the
prize money of $54,123 to the furtherance of the civil rights movement.
On the evening of April 4,
1968, while standing on the balcony of his motel room in Memphis, Tennessee,
where he was to lead a protest march in sympathy with striking garbage workers
of that city, he was assassinated.
News of King’s assassination prompted major outbreaks of racial violence, resulting in more than 40 deaths nationwide and extensive property damage in over 100 American cities.
James Earl Ray (pictured left), a 40-year-old escaped fugitive, later confessed to the crime and was sentenced to a 99-year prison term.
During King’s funeral a tape
recording was played in which King spoke of how he wanted to be remembered
after his death: “I’d like somebody to mention that day that Martin Luther
King, Jr., tried to give his life serving others” - Africa
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