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| Transit trucks queue for customs processing are pictured at the border crossing point between Kenya and Tanzania in Namanga, Tanzania July 19, 2019. REUTERS |
The speed limit is 110 km per hour on the new highway that
Abadalla Chande, uses to haul his truckload of animal feed from Tanzania to
Kenya, two nations that share a common market often hailed as a model for the
continent.
But Chande is parked on the tarmac, caught up in a
snarl of red tape. He is in a long line of trucks waiting for cargo to be
scanned or for documents to be checked by officials.
Kenya and Tanzania are the two largest economies in
the East African Community (EAC) common market. It was set up in 2010 to allow
people and goods to move freely among members, which also include Uganda,
Rwanda, Burundi and South Sudan.
One of the most successful of Africa’s many trade
blocs, it should be superseded by a continent-wide free trade area that will
begin trading in July next year. But businessmen say the delays plaguing the
East African union bode ill for the future of the unified market.
“Sometimes we get to the border crossing and spend
five, six days or even a week,” said Chande, who said he’d been waiting there
more than a day.
Behind him, police pried apart shouting drivers as
hundreds of trucks slowly belched and groaned towards the Kenya-Tanzania border
in Namanga town.
Kenyan and Tanzanian officials say that even in a
free trade area, goods crossing borders must be checked by multiple agencies
including the tax authorities, plant health inspectorate, departments of human
health, livestock control and forestry. This takes time.
Businesses say that trade moves more smoothly
between other EAC countries, for example between Rwanda and Uganda. But their
focus is on Kenya and Tanzania as they account for about a two-thirds of the
zone’s economic output and similar delays could easily happen between large
African economies elsewhere.
The African Continental Free Trade Area deal will
come into force in July and aims to bring together 55 countries, 1.3 billion
people and $3.4 trillion nominal gross domestic product to establish the
world’s biggest free trade bloc.
It will supersede existing trade zones - EAC,
ECOWAS in the west, SADC in the south and COMESA in the east and south.
Only the EAC has made significant progress towards
a common market and Gerrishon Ikiara, a Kenyan economist specialising in development
and policy, says it should be the role model.
But although intra-EAC trade grew rapidly at first
it now only accounts for 10% of the 6 countries’ total merchandise trade, the
World Trade Organisation (WTO) said in a 2019 report.
This means most exports and imports are with
countries outside the bloc. The WTO said poor infrastructure and the use of
different currencies were barriers to trade within the EAC.
Businessmen say the continent-wide deal provided
few details of how to make trade run more smoothly and failed to tackle some
contentious issues.
It did not give a time frame for removing existing
customs structures, outline how to integrate markets or phase out
protectionism, said Ian Gibson, deputy managing director of Farmers Choice,
Kenya’s biggest meat processor.
“The detail is what causes all the chaos,” he said.
Namanga is the mid-point of a $200 million highway
built in 2012 to connect the Tanzanian city of Arusha with Nairobi’s industrial
satellite town of Athi River. The African Development Bank funded the road to
promote regional integration.
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| President Uhuru Kenyatta of Kenya (Left) and President John Magufuli of Tanzania unveiling One-Stop-Border center at Namanga |
But despite the cash poured into infrastructure,
Kenya’s annual exports to Tanzania dropped by more than a third since 2014, to
29.75 billion Kenyan shillings ($288 million), the Kenyan statistics office
said. Imports from its neighbour also slowed slightly to 17.82 billion
shillings over the same period.
Capitalist Kenya and Tanzania, which was socialist
for decades and feared domination by its bigger neighbour, have long had an
uneasy relationship.
Similar tensions can be found elsewhere in Africa,
and could get in the way of the new free trade deal. Nigeria, the continent’s
largest economy, was slow to sign the agreement because businesses are worried
that the size of their market makes it especially attractive to foreign
competition.
Between Tanzania and Kenya, tensions spilled over
into trade. In 2017, Tanzania burnt 6,500 chicks imported from Kenya over
disease fears. More chicks were incinerated last year after the Tanzanian
authorities said the Kenyan exporter lacked documents.
Tanzania also imposed an unexpected “livestock
tariff” on Kenyan meat products. Exports to Tanzania from the Farmers’ Choice
meat processing plant in Nairobi plunged.
“Half our largest export market disappeared
overnight,” said Gibson.
Kenya’s President Uhuru Kenyatta flew to the rural
home of Tanzanian President John Magufuli in July for a charm offensive.
“Challenges between us and our neighbours have
reduced over the years, there have been a lot of diplomatic efforts,” Peter
Munya, Kenya’s trade minister, told journalists.
But the delays persist. Tanzanian truckers say Kenyan
police delay them for minor traffic violations that can be circumvented by
offering “kitu kidogo” - Swahili for “something small”.
“They just harass you and use that opportunity to
demand bribes,” said Chande.
The Kenyan police did not respond to requests for a
comment.
Other drivers said Kenya’s tax authorities operate
slowly.
Tanzanian truck driver Hamisi Gabriel said he
sometimes spends several nights stuck at the border.
The Kenya Revenue Authority (KRA) said all cargo in
Namanga was cleared in 5 to 7 hours. Tanzanian officials did not respond to
requests for comments on border delays.
Kibiti Kimiri, general manager of Kensalt, Kenya’s
biggest salt manufacturer said it normally takes a week for his cargo to cross
the border into Tanzania.
“The customer on the
other side is waiting,” he said. - Reuters
($1 =
103.2000 Kenyan shillings)
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